What is Object?

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Object is like a variable as we create with built-in datatypes. Object is an instance of class.
Object has state,behavior and identity.

state - value of data member at any point of time
behaviour - how object performing a task, it comes from definition of member functions.
identity - name of object.

How to create Object?

Syntax:
class-name object-name;
or
class-name object-name1,object-name2,....;

Suppose we have to create object(s) of class Circle :

Circle c; //One object created
or
Circle c1,c2; //Two objects created

How to call a member function?

Syntax :
object-name.member-function-name();

for example we want to set radius of object c , we have to call a member function SetRadius(int) :
->
c.SetRadius(12);
in same way
int area = c.GetArea();

and so on....

Class Members :
Data Member
Member Function
Members must be declared/defined within class definition.
A member can not be declared twice in the class definition.

Now let's assemble all the pieces together to make it meaningful..

//class definition
class A
{
//data member
int i;
int j;

//member function
int getI() //definition of member function
{
return i;
}
void setI(int a) //definition of member function
{
i = a;
}
};
int main()
{

A aObj; //Creation of object
aObj.setI(20); //calling member function
cout<&ltaObj.getI(); //calling member function
}

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Class & Objects

Class: It is a basic block of Object Oriented Software.
Class is like a data type as struct in C. A datatype contains data and operations applicable to that data. We can take example of int data type, it contains data as well as operations like a+b , a-b , a*b etc.

In other words, class is a blueprint for objects. class decides what object can have and what task it can perform.

Now we will see, how class concept can be implemented through C++ -

General Form of Class

class
{
data member;

member functions;

}; // ; is must here

Example :

class Circle
{
int radius;

int GetRadius();
void SetRadius(int);
int CalculateArea(int);
};
:

In above example , we have seen how a class look like .
As we know by default, all members of class have private access-specifier. So in above class Circle, all the members will be private,means they can not be accessed from outside the class.Before discussing further, first we have a idea regarding Access Specifier :-

Access-Specifier : also known as visibility labels.
There are three types of Access specifiers

private : private members can be accessed only within the class itself.
public : public members can be accessed from outside the class also.In this case, member is fully exposed to outside-world.
protected : can be access from derived class only.(We will discuss this in detail during inheritance topic)

Now again we take above example. none of the member can be accessed from outside of the class, now to make some member accessible from outside we make one little but very important modification -


class Circle
{
int radius;

public:
int GetRadius();
void SetRadius(int);
int CalculateArea(int);
};
:

Now, to use this definition of class , Let's understand What is Object?

C++ Structure vs C++ Class

C++ programming language provides structure and class to create problem-oriented datatypes.Instance of these datatypes are known as objects.

C++ Structure and C++ class are exactly same except default access specifier of their members i.e. in C++ Structure all members are public by default while in Class all are private.

For example in following code , the class C is equivalent to structure S

class C
{
//default access specifier is private
int num;

public:
void setNum(int n)
{
Num = n;
}
}

struct S
{
//default access specifier is public
void setNum(int n)
{
Num = n;
}

private:
int num;
}

Hence we can see here that the difference in both is only access specifier, but as security is concern, this is a big drawback of structure.Because by default all the members are exposed to outside world. That is the one main reason, why programmers are hesitant to use structure.In turn, class encourages encapsulation/data-hiding by default.So my recommendation is use class, forget structure.

C Structure vs C++ Structure

C Structure contains only data items while C++ structure contains data as well as function.

In C to create structure variable you have to use 'struct' keyword for example
struct Person p;

But in C++ 0nly Structure name is used just like built-in datatype. for example
Person p;

Example :

C Structure :
struct Person
{
int pid;
char name[25];
....
}
Declaration of a variable
struct Person p;

C++ Structure :

struct Person
{
int pid;
char name[25];
....
void enterDetails()
{
...
}
..
}

Declaration of a variable:
Person p;

Basic Features

Stream : It is a flow of data to and fro.
Standard Input Stream
Used to read data form Standard Input device i.e. keyboard ,it can take input from a file stored at hard disk and from other input devices also.
'cin' represents the Standard Input Stream.
Standard Output Stream
Used to send output to Standard Output Device i.e. Monitor, it can send output to file on hard-disk,printer etc.
'cout' represents the Standard Output Stream.
Standard Error Stream
Another output stream used by programs to output error messages.
'cerr' represents the Standard Error Stream.

The iostream is an object-oriented library that contains input and output streams.

C++ provide two ways to work with streams :
low-level
high-level
Very soon we will get detailed description of this topic...

C++ Comments
Single line comment
// single line statement here
Multiline Comment
/*
Some lines here
*/

References

C++ references are to create alternative name or alias name for the already defined variable.
for example :
int i = 18;
int &ref = i;
here ref is reference to integer variable i. it can be used in place of i.
->& is not address operator here, it is reference operator.<- REMEMBER :

* No memory is allocated for reference variables as they are alias name for simple variables.
* Reference variables should be initialized.

Main Use :
* as a formal argument to a function.
Example :
--------------------------------------
#include
using namespace std;
int Square(int &Val);
int main()
{
int Number=10;
Square(Number);
cout<<"Number is "<<>Pointer Reference:
It is Alias name to the pointer.

Example:
int ival = 100;
int *ptr = &ival;
int * &refptr = ptr;

Scope Resolution Operator :
In C a local variable has precedence over global variable with the same name.
In C++, global variable can be accessed through Scope Resolution Operator :: ,with local variable.
Example:

int i = 4;
int main()
{
int i = 9;
cout<< ::i<< endl; //Prints global variable i 4
cout<< i; //Prints local variable i 9
}
}

Features Of C++

Following are the various features of C++ :
Streams for I/O
Comments
Function Prototypes
Default Function Arguments
Variables
Scope Resolution Operator
The Const qualifier
Enumeration
Inline Function
References
Overloaded functions
Class
Object
Access Specifiers

and many more.....

C vs C++

What C++ is having C not :

References
boolean type
Inline substitution
Default function arrays
Free Store Management Operators i.e. new and delete
Function Overloading
Operator Overloading
RTTI (Run Time Type Information)
Namespaces
Eclipses
default arguments
I/O i.e. cin & cout

What is Object Oriented Programming(OOP) ?

As its name indicates , it is a technique which is organised around object.Hence object is CYNOSURE here.Here main focus point is data. Functions are secondary. In very simple terms, functions are data oriented , means in what way data is going to be used in program that is described in function. so data and functions are tied together to make "Object".

Features of OOPs:

Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

Abstraction:
Abstraction is the process of hiding the details and exposing only the essential features of a object according to the context or problem domain.

IEEE Definition :
"A view of a problem that extracts the essential information
relevant to a particular purpose and ignores the remainder of
the information."

-- [IEEE, 1983]


Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is the ability to bundle related data and functionality within a single, autonomous entity called a class.

Inheritance:
Inheritance is a mechanism to create new classes through already existing classes.

Polymorphism:
Poly means "many" morphism means "forms" hence verbal meaning is many forms. It is a way in which one name can provide different functionalities.
-> the ability to provide the same interface to objects with differing implementations.

What is C++ ?

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Welcome to C++ Learning Sessions..

C++ is very entertaining and one of the most used programming language. I hope you will enjoy learning this beautiful programming language. ALL THE BEST.

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C++ Fact File

C++ is a Object Oriented Programming Language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983 at Bell lab.

It is a powerful general purpose language which contains almost all the features of C including low level features like memory management,pointers etc.

One major advantage over C is object oriented features of C++. From small-scale to large-scale application can be created in C++.

It also supports other programming approaches like Procedural,Object-based programming, Generic programming, and Functional programming.

Originally it was named as "C with Classes".

C++ is also considered as Superset of C.

C++ is having a special concept called "operator overloading". This concept is not present in the earlier OOP languages and it makes the creation of libraries much cleaner and easy.